Watch · Tool
Related classes
Which goods and services are treated as similar, and which are not — a practical guide based on office and court decisions. Pick a class or search for a term; every relation reads both ways.
This guide has been prepared on the basis of existing office and court decisions and examination guidelines. It is not an official guide; each case is assessed on its own facts.
Same type (aynı tür)
Goods or services in the same item of the Turkish classification list are treated as the same type.
Class 35
Low
Retail of X vs X: low degree.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.43
High similarity
Class-wide
Class 25 BathrobesClass 24 Towels
High
Factors met: NaturePurposeCompetingSales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Same purpose (drying after bathing), interchangeable, same shops and makers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.1
Class-wide
Class 25 Ski boots, ski glovesClass 28 Skis
High
Factors met: Sales channelsSame publicUsual originComplementary
Used together; same sports shops.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.5
Class-wide
Class 29 Tomato pasteClass 30 Sauces, condiments, spices
High
Factors met: NaturePurposeCompetingSales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Same use in cooking, compete on the same shelf.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 1 Agricultural chemicalsClass 1 Fertilisers
High
Factors met: NaturePurposeSame publicUsual origin
Same makers and buyers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.30
Similar
Class-wide
Class 25 ClothingClass 25 Footwear, headgear
Similar
Factors met: NaturePurposeSales channelsUsual origin
All wearing apparel, sold together, often by the same maker.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.2
Class-wide
Class 24 FabricsClass 18 Leather and hides, imitation leather
Similar
Factors met: PurposeCompetingSame public
Substitutes for the same job (making garments), same buyers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.3
Class-wide
Class 25 Clothing, footwear, headgearClass 18 Bags, wallets
Similar
Factors met: Sales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Fashion goods sold side by side; buyers expect one brand to make both.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.4
Class-wide
Class 25 ClothingClass 10 Sunglasses
Similar
Factors met: Sales channelsSame publicUsual originComplementary
Fashion accessory sold with clothing. Guide example predates Nice 13-2026; spectacles and sunglasses are now class 10.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.4
Class-wide
Class 25 ClothingClass 14 Jewellery, watches
Similar
Factors met: Sales channelsSame publicUsual originComplementary
Fashion accessories, same shops and brands.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.4
Class-wide
Class 25 ClothingClass 3 Perfumes
Similar
Factors met: Sales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Fashion houses commonly sell both.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.4
Class-wide
Class 5 PharmaceuticalsClass 5 Dietary and food supplements
Similar
Factors met: PurposeSame publicSales channels
Both aim at health; same buyers and pharmacies.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.7
Class-wide
Class 29 Dried pulsesClass 30 Rice
Similar
Factors met: Sales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Same supermarket aisle and producers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 29 Jams, marmaladesClass 30 Honey, molasses
Similar
Factors met: PurposeCompetingSales channelsSame public
Interchangeable breakfast spreads.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 29 Dairy productsClass 30 Milk puddings
Similar
Factors met: Sales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Same chilled shelf, same dairies.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 29 Edible oilsClass 29 Butter
Similar
Factors met: PurposeCompetingSame public
Both used for cooking; substitutes.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 30 Cereal snacks, popcorn, corn chipsClass 29 Potato crisps, nuts
Similar
Factors met: PurposeCompetingSales channelsSame public
All snacks on the same shelf.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 30 Pastry, bakery goods, dessertsClass 30 Confectionery, chocolate, biscuits
Similar
Factors met: CompetingSales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Substitute treats from the same makers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 30 Pastry, bakery goodsClass 30 Ice cream
Similar
Factors met: CompetingSales channelsSame public
Desserts competing for the same occasion.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 30 Confectionery, chocolateClass 29 Nut butters
Similar
Factors met: CompetingSales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Sweet spreads and treats from the same makers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 30 Confectionery, chocolateClass 30 Chewing gum, ice cream
Similar
Factors met: CompetingSales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Impulse treats, same shelf and makers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 29 Dried fruit and vegetablesClass 31 Fresh fruit and vegetables
Similar
Factors met: NatureCompetingSame public
Same nature; compete with each other.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 30 Tea, iced tea, coffee and cocoa drinksClass 32 Waters, juices, soft drinks
Similar
Factors met: PurposeCompetingSales channelsSame public
Drinks on the same aisle; substitutes.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.9
Class-wide
Class 32 Non-alcoholic wineClass 33 Wine
Similar
Factors met: Sales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Same makers and buyers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.10
Class-wide
Class 32 BeerClass 33 Alcoholic beverages
Similar
Factors met: NatureCompetingSales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Both alcoholic; same aisle; compete.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.11
Class-wide
Class 30 Pastry, bakery goods, dessertsClass 43 Food and drink services
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Bakeries commonly run cafés.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.12
Class-wide
Class 29 Meat, fish, poultry, meat productsClass 43 Food and drink services
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySales channelsUsual origin
Served directly; butchers run restaurants.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.12
Class-wide
Class 30 Ice creamClass 43 Food and drink services
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySales channelsUsual origin
Complementary; same outlets.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.12
Class-wide
Class 32 Beer, soft drinksClass 43 Food and drink services
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySales channelsUsual origin
Complementary; same outlets.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.12
Class-wide
Class 43 Food and drink servicesClass 43 Temporary accommodation
Similar
Factors met: Same publicSales channelsUsual origin
Hotels serve food; offered together.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.13
Class-wide
Class 9 Electronic publicationsClass 16 Printed publications
Similar
Factors met: PurposeCompetingSame publicUsual origin
Same purpose; substitutes; same publishers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.14
Class-wide
Class 37 Construction servicesClass 42 Engineering, architectural design
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySame publicSales channelsUsual origin
Builders commonly offer design too.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.16
Class-wide
Class 16 Printed matterClass 41 Education services
Similar
Factors met: ComplementaryPurposeSales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Schools publish their own materials.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.17
Class-wide
Class 16 Printed matterClass 41 Publishing services
Similar
Factors met: ComplementaryUsual origin
Publishers produce printed matter.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.17
Class-wide
Class 36 Financial and monetary servicesClass 36 Insurance
Similar
Factors met: NatureSales channelsUsual origin
Banks commonly sell insurance.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.19
Class-wide
Class 36 Financial and monetary servicesClass 9 Credit and bank cards
Similar
Factors met: PurposeComplementarySame publicUsual origin
Cards are issued by the banks themselves.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.22
Class-wide
Class 27 Wallpaper, non-textile wall coveringsClass 2 Paints
Similar
Factors met: PurposeCompetingSales channelsSame public
Alternatives for finishing a wall.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.24
Class-wide
Class 8 Beauty and personal care implementsClass 21 Combs, hair and shaving brushes
Similar
Factors met: PurposeSales channelsSame public
Same use and shelves.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.25
Class-wide
Class 8 Cutlery, non-electric kitchen knivesClass 21 Tableware, cookware
Similar
Factors met: PurposeSales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Same kitchenware shops and makers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.26
Class-wide
Class 9 ComputersClass 9 Software
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySales channelsSame publicUsual origin
One needs the other.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.27
Class-wide
Class 9 Computers, softwareClass 42 IT services, software design, hosting
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySame publicUsual origin
Software makers commonly offer IT services.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.28
Class-wide
Class 9 Telecom, audio and video apparatusClass 38 Telecommunications, internet access
Similar
Factors met: ComplementaryPurposeSales channels
Devices used to deliver the service.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.29
Class-wide
Class 3 Cosmetics, perfumery, soapsClass 5 Pharmaceuticals, medicated cosmetics
Similar
Factors met: PurposeSales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Same pharmacies and producers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.32
Class-wide
Class 3 Dentifrices, mouthwashesClass 5 Pharmaceuticals
Similar
Factors met: PurposeSales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Same pharmacies and producers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.32
Class-wide
Class 3 Cleaning preparations, detergents, soapsClass 5 Disinfectants, antiseptics, medicated soaps
Similar
Factors met: NaturePurposeSales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Same aisle and similar producers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.33
Class-wide
Class 16 Stationery, art materialsClass 28 Games and toys
Similar
Factors met: PurposeSales channelsSame public
Sold in the same stationery shops to children.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.34
Class-wide
Class 6 Metal building materialsClass 19 Non-metallic building materials
Similar
Factors met: PurposeCompetingSales channelsSame public
Same job, different material.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.35
Class-wide
Class 6 Metal building materials, pipes, hardwareClass 17 Rubber/plastic semi-finished goods, insulation, hoses
Similar
Factors met: PurposeCompetingSales channelsSame public
Same job, different material.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.35
Class-wide
Class 17 Insulating materialsClass 19 Non-metallic building materials
Similar
Factors met: PurposeCompetingSales channelsSame public
Same job, different material.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.35
Class-wide
Class 12 Prams, pushchairsClass 20 Cots, playpens, baby walkers
Similar
Factors met: Sales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Same baby stores and brands.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.36
Class-wide
Class 4 Fuels, lubricantsClass 37 Service stations (fuelling, maintenance)
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Fuel companies run the stations.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.39
Class-wide
Class 12 Motor vehicles and partsClass 37 Vehicle maintenance and repair
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySame publicUsual origin
Makers commonly run service networks.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.40
Class-wide
Class 5 Dental materials (fillings, impression materials)Class 10 Dental apparatus
Similar
Factors met: PurposeComplementarySales channelsSame public
Used together by dentists.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.41
Class-wide
Class 3 Toothpaste, mouthwashClass 21 Toothbrushes, dental floss
Similar
Factors met: PurposeComplementarySales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Oral care used together, same brands.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.42
Class-wide
Class 35 Retail of clothingClass 35 Retail of bags
Similar
Factors met: Sales channelsSame public
Often sold together.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.43
Class-wide
Class 9 PrintersClass 2 Toner
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySame publicUsual origin
Consumable from the same makers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.44
Class-wide
Class 14 Precious stonesClass 14 Jewellery
Similar
Factors met: Sales channelsUsual origin
Main component, sold in the same shops.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.45
Class-wide
Class 11 Air-conditioning apparatusClass 37 Installation, maintenance and repair of air-conditioning
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySame publicUsual origin
Makers install and service.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.46
Class-wide
Class 9 ComputersClass 37 Computer hardware repair and installation
Similar
Factors met: ComplementarySame publicUsual origin
Makers install and repair.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.46
Low similarity
Class-wide
Class 25 Clothing, footwear, headgearClass 28 Gymnastic and sporting articles
Low
Factors met: Sales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Sports brands make both.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.5
Class-wide
Class 25 ClothingClass 40 Custom tailoring
Low
Factors met: Same publicUsual origin
Bespoke tailors also sell garments.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.6
Class-wide
Class 29 Dairy productsClass 30 Coffee, cocoa and chocolate-based drinks
Low
Factors met: Sales channelsSame publicUsual origin
Similar only to a certain degree (guide wording); weaker than dairy products vs milk puddings.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.8
Class-wide
Class 30 Tea, coffeeClass 43 Café services
Low
Factors met: ComplementarySales channels
Complementary; cafés also sell packed coffee.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.12
Class-wide
Class 29 Preserved, cooked fruit and vegetablesClass 43 Food and drink services
Low
Factors met: ComplementaryUsual origin
Restaurants also make pickles etc.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.12
Class-wide
Class 19 Building materials (non-metallic)Class 37 Construction services
Low
Factors met: PurposeComplementarySame public
Construction needs materials; minimal similarity.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.15
Class-wide
Class 16 Stationery, educational materialsClass 41 Education services
Low
Factors met: PurposeComplementarySame public
Used for teaching; low degree.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.18
Class-wide
Class 36 Real estate agency and managementClass 37 Construction services
Low
Factors met: Same publicUsual origin
Developers often sell and manage property.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.23
Class-wide
Class 1 Fertilisers, agricultural chemicalsClass 5 Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides
Low
Factors met: PurposeSame publicSales channels
Same farm-supply channels.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.31
Class-wide
Class 5 PharmaceuticalsClass 10 Medical and dental apparatus
Low
Factors met: ComplementarySame publicSales channels
Some complementarity; low degree.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.41
Often assumed, not similar
Class-wide
Class 25 ClothingClass 24 Household textiles
Not similar
Factors met: Nature
Both textiles, but different purpose, shops and makers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.1
Class-wide
Class 25 ClothingClass 24 Woven and non-woven fabrics
Not similar
Factors met: No factor met
Raw material vs. finished product; different buyers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.3
Class-wide
Class 25 ClothingClass 18 Leather and hides, imitation leather
Not similar
Factors met: No factor met
Raw material vs. finished product.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.3
Class-wide
Class 25 ClothingClass 18 Suitcases
Not similar
Factors met: No factor met
Different purpose and channels.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.4
Class-wide
Class 25 ClothingClass 10 Spectacles (optical)
Not similar
Factors met: No factor met
Vision correction is a different purpose; different channels. Guide example predates Nice 13-2026; spectacles and sunglasses are now class 10.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.4
Class-wide
Class 25 ClothingClass 40 Tailoring services
Not similar
Factors met: Same public
Only the public overlaps.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.6
Class-wide
Class 32 Non-alcoholic drinks, waters, juicesClass 33 Alcoholic beverages (except beer)
Not similar
Factors met: Same public
Different nature; legally separate aisles.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.10
Class-wide
Class 30 Flour, sugar, salt, condimentsClass 43 Food and drink services
Not similar
Factors met: No factor met
Ingredients, not served on their own.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.12
Class-wide
Class 36 Financial and monetary servicesClass 36 Real estate agency and management
Not similar
Factors met: No factor met
Different nature, purpose and providers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.20
Class-wide
Class 36 Financial and monetary servicesClass 37 Construction services
Not similar
Factors met: No factor met
Different purpose and providers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.21
Class-wide
Class 8 Beauty implements; combs, brushes (21)Class 44 Beauty care services
Not similar
Factors met: PurposeSame public
Salons and tool makers are rarely the same business.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.25
Class-wide
Class 44 Medical servicesClass 5 Pharmaceuticals
Not similar
Factors met: Purpose
Clinics and drug makers are different businesses.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.37
Class-wide
Class 44 Medical servicesClass 10 Medical apparatus, orthopaedic articles
Not similar
Factors met: Purpose
Different nature and providers.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.38
Class-wide
Class 26 ButtonsClass 25 Clothing
Not similar
Factors met: No factor met
A part is not similar to the end product by default.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.44
Class-wide
Class 25 FootwearClass 37 Shoe repair
Not similar
Factors met: No factor met
Goods vs repair: not similar by default.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.46
Factors met:
No relation matches. Try another class or term.
General rules
These apply in every class.
Class 35 Retail of specific goodsAny class The same goods (any class)
Low
Retail of X vs X: low degree.
TÜRKPATENT Examination Guide §2.4.43
Sources and attribution
Term lists: TÜRKPATENT Communiqué 2026/2 (unofficial English translation); USPTO ID Manual. Adapted from WIPO's Nice Classification, © WIPO, CC BY 4.0. Similarity data compiled from TÜRKPATENT examination guidelines and EUIPO similarity data (free reproduction; not an official copy).